The intensive culture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) faces significant challenges including disease outbreaks, reduced growth performance, and environmental sustainability concerns. This comprehensive review examines the application of probiotic bacterial strains as a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in tilapia aquaculture. We analyzed recent advances in probiotic supplementation, focusing on specific bacterial strains that demonstrate enhanced growth performance, improved feed conversion ratios, and strengthened immune responses in farmed tilapia. The integration of probiotics in tilapia farming represents a promising approach to sustainable aquaculture development.