The application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology in carp species represents a revolutionary advancement in inland aquaculture biotechnology. This comprehensive review examines the current state and future potential of genetic improvement strategies for economically important carp species, including common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). We analyze successful applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in enhancing disease resistance, improving growth performance, optimizing feed conversion efficiency, and developing environmental stress tolerance. The precision and efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 technology have enabled targeted modifications of specific genes associated with desirable aquaculture traits while maintaining genetic stability. Recent breakthroughs include the development of disease-resistant carp lines, enhanced muscle growth variants, and improved cold tolerance strains. This review discusses technical challenges, regulatory considerations, and the transformative potential of gene editing technologies for sustainable inland aquaculture development.