This review synthesises current global and regional knowledge on tuna resources, their economic value, nutritional significance, and utilisation patterns, with a special focus on Somalia’s emerging opportunities. Tuna is a globally significant marine resource that provides high-quality protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and essential micronutrients while supporting multi-billion-dollar fisheries. Somalia, with its 3,333 km coastline and productive upwelling zones in the Indian Ocean, possesses substantial yet underutilised tuna resources. Drawing on data from FAO, WHO, IOTC, ISSF, and peer-reviewed sources, this review examines tuna distribution, management, trade, and nutritional benefits. Findings indicate that Somali tuna fisheries are predominantly artisanal (~85% of catch) and constrained by limited infrastructure, weak monitoring, and illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. With strategic investment in port facilities, cold storage, processing capacity, fisheries governance, and human resource development, annual tuna catch could rise from ~30,000 to 150,000–200,000 metric tons, creating 50,000–80,000 jobs and increasing GDP contributions from USD 30–50 million to USD 300–500 million. Sustainable management and regional cooperation are vital for economic growth, food security, and improved nutritional outcomes.